物流问答
用英语简述物流的来源
1. The Definition of Logistics
物流的界说
After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.
在完结商业买卖之后,物流将以最低本钱和最高效益的方式执即将产品从供给商(卖方)流通到顾客(买方)的进程。这便是物流的界说。在物流进程中,既需求比如物流设备和设备(物流运送工具等)的硬件,也需求对物流施行信息化办理进行物流规范化。此外,政府和物流安排的支撑也不可或缺。
Three major functions of logistics
物流的三大首要功用
(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.
(1)发明时刻价值:同种产品因所在时刻的不同而有着不同的价值。在产品流通进程中,往往会处于某种阻滞的状况,物流的专业术语就称之为贮存。贮存发明了产品的时刻价值。
(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.
(2)发明场所价值: 同种产品因所在方位的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因产品流通进程中而发生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。
(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.
(3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能发明配送加工价值,这种物流加工首要改动产品的长度、厚度和包装形状。物流中常常说到的“分割成更小的部分”便是配送加工中最为常见的方式。大大都物流加工都能发明产品的附加价值。
2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:
物流作为新式的商务范畴,阅历了从传统物流向现代物流开展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同首要体现在以下两个方面:
(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.
(1)现代物流选用了集装技能。产品物流往往从包装开端,然后阅历运送、贮存和配送等进程。整个进程一直在物流规范化的前提下运转。以物流根底模数尺度600×400MM为根底,拟定出物流模数尺度1200×1000MM,并将其扩展至2591×2438MM,即构成集装箱的高度与宽度规范尺度。并能调整成适宜铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱规范标准尺度。
(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.
(2)信息技能在现代物流中特别重要。条形码、出售时点体系、电子数据传输体系、全球卫星定位体系的运用,极大地进步了物流活动的功率和准确程度。而互联网愈加有助于物流办理的商场开发、运营和办理。
3.International Logistics
世界物流
An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.
许多企业正经过出口、答应、合营或跨国运营进入世界商场。这种趋势仍将继续。跟着这种趋势的开展，开发世界物流网络成为有必要。整合物流办理和本钱剖析将愈加杂乱和困难。
There are some future trends in internationalization:
世界化将呈现出以下未来趋势：
(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities
(1)物流将更多地承当起世界责任
(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.
(2)对外贸易区的数量和规划的扩展
(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation
(3)世界有纸作业和单据制造的数量的削减
(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm
(4)更多的涉外仓储事务由出口企业运营和操控
(5) Increasing number of smaller firm
(5)小企业的数量增加
(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.
(6)物流服务企业的涉外运营，如公营仓储事务和世界运送商
(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels
(7)增加多配送途径
The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.
从某些方面讲，世界运送等同于世界物流。因此，当进入世界贸易范畴时，企业有必要树立世界物流体系以供给需求的产品或服务。世界物流的更重要的开展在于大力选用先进的信息体系和施行独立的部分运作。
4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functions–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.
包装。包装履行两个根本的功用—营销和物流。就商场营销而言，包装承当促销和广告的功用。其尺度、分量、色彩和印制的信息会对顾客发生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业进入世界商场营销时，包装就显得更为重要。出口到国外的产品需求运送更长的间隔，阅历更多的装卸转移。而物流包装在物流进程中起到了维护产品的效果。
Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations.
废弃物处理。物流进程中的活动也应当包含高效快速地对废弃物进行装卸、运送和仓储。如若废弃物可以从头使用或收回，物流企业应当合理安排并将其运送到再出产或再加工地址。
Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.
退货处理。退货处理一般叫做反向配送。买方或许因各种原因将产品退回卖方。大都物流体系未能对此类事情作出满足妥善的处理。在许多职业，顾客因修理确保、替换或收回而退回产品，因此反向配送的本钱或许会很高。因为顾客对退货方针的要求愈加灵敏、愈加实惠，反向配送将愈加重要。
5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL)
第三方物流
Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.
第三方物流供给了一切的物流活动。他们在榜首方（供给商或出产商）和第二方（买方或顾客）之间扮演着桥梁或设备供给商的人物。第三方物流供给商的根本方针是下降供给商的全体物流本钱，进步顾客服务水平。
Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:
第三方物流增加十分迅速。本钱下降和对更好更廉价的服务的需求是增加背面的动力。第三方物流供给商可以将来自几家企业的事务进行整合，并能供给频频的提货和交货，而企业内部运送无法做到。（第三方物流开展的）其它原因如下：
* The company does not specialize in logistics;
* 企业并不专善于物流
* The company does not have sufficient resources;
* 企业本身没有满足的物流资源
* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities in–house;
* 对施行更好的物流运作的期盼，或没有时刻开发内部物流所需求的才能
* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;
* 企业正出资一项新范畴，该范畴有着不同的物流需求
* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.
* 外包物流运营或许比整合物流运营愈加有吸引力
6.Global Logistics
全球物流
Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.
发达国家常在两个方面施行全球化:在第三世界国家追求更大的本钱优势,以及在其他国家寻觅新的合作伙伴出产零配件、半成品乃至制成品。这第二个方面迫使发达国家不得不进入一个叫做“全球物流”的新范畴。
Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.
全球运营的利益包含(取得)廉价的原材料和终端产品,下降的劳作本钱,更好的质量,进步世界竞争力以及更好的客户服务。其缺陷首要是交货的不可靠性,困难的交流以及从产品的规划到产品的出产完结需求更长的时刻。面对的应战常常来自于文明和言语的差异,法令要求,物流支撑,寻求适宜的全球供给商或出产商,外汇汇率等。
There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.
全球物流涉及到三种流通:物料流通,单据流通和资金流通。
7.Logistics into the Future
物流走向未来
Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth:
物流正以高速改动着。其高速增加原因有二:
Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself
榜首,因本身体系的开展而被逼革新
(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand
(1)高速计算机体系和数据交换体系能继续地对用户需求施行流通和操作
(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing
(2)经过计算机和数据加工能完成愈加灵敏的准确的物流方案和办理
(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy
(3)柔性计算机设备有助于问题的处理和进步决议计划的准确度
(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting
(4)对全体本钱衡量和财务办理的清醒认识
Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.
第二,来自规划经济革新的压力。
(1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition
(1)为了追求更大竞争力,关于不同规划商场的处理需求有灵敏性
(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.
(2)商场标准和零售增加的大幅度进步
(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible
